Rationalism
Rationalism is a philosophical doctrine which asserts that fundamental truths about the nature of reality are best discovered by reason and factual analysis rather than other methods, such as faith (i.e. belief in a relationship with a deity or other supernatural entities) or careful study of existing doctrine. (Belief that existing doctrine is more significant than the study of empirical reality essentially satisfies the definition of dogma, i.e. that said doctrine is infallible and cannot meaningfully be questioned.)
Notes
What is the distinction between Rationalism and Positivism? The "key features" listed seem like a pretty definitive/universal explanation of how science works, which I would think would be a basic part of Rationalism -- but perhaps there are rationalists who don't consider science to be essential?